A Fine Piece of Ice

This is a submission for "The Accretionary Wedge #13," Geologeeeeee in Spaaaaaaaace! Hosted at Good Schist.

Followup: "The Accretionary Wedge #13," Geologeeeeee in Spaaaaaaaace! has now been posted here. Go and gaze in wonder at his cover illustration. Take a look at the Geology, too. If you find youself fascinated, you can find links to many of the past editions of "Accretionary Wedge" here, along with topics to be covered in coming months. The complete set of links to the previous 12 editions can be found here.

We had our second home game yesterday, and apparently the OSU Beavers kicked some butt. I'm not a fan of football, but it pleases me to see people pleased- I wish they weren't so noisy about it, but let the kids party and be crazy on the last days before school starts. The nights are getting longer and cooler, and while my color perception is pretty bad, even I can tell the leaves are starting to turn. We had some showery weather Wednesday and Thursday; I always like the return of the rain. We normally have some really nice warm weather around the end of September; this year is no exception and the weather people are predicting upper 80's for Sunday and Monday. However, there is no doubt that winter is on the way.

For obvious and unavoidable reasons, we humans all think of hot, cold, and average in very narrow terms. Growing up in Ohio, hot was 90 degrees with abominable humidity. Here in Corvallis, hot is 95-100, but dry as a bone. Cold in high school was 0-10; in Western Oregon cold is 35 or less- yeah, I'm spoiled. Others regularly have more extreme temperatures, but that range of 100 degrees Fahrenheit (55-60 C) probably encompasses the vast bulk of human experience.

As geologists, we learn to think about more extreme temperature situations on the upper end of the scale; metamorphic processes start around 200 C, a granitic melt may be around 700 or 800 C, A Hawaiian flow around 1100 to 1200 C. Yesterday a fellow coffee drinker asked me what my favorite rock is, and without hesitation I answered "komatiite." Then I had to explain about Earth's thermal evolution, the role of MgO and SiO2 in melting temperature and how crazy a melt temperature of 1600 C or more seemed to me. And finally winding up with a discussion of how I just found it amazing that a rock common in Earth's early history could no longer be formed in the conditions now present. How odd it was to consider a rock "extinct."

I don't know how much Ben understood, but he's pretty sharp.

But the point is, as people, we have a very limited perspective on what a reasonable temperature range is. As geologists, our window is open somewhat wider on the high end.

We rarely consider the low end. What goes on in that 273 degrees between freezing and ultimate cold? As both geologists and as people, that whole range is dormant: dead and cold. What could possibly happen? Water doesn't run, rocks don't deform. There's glaciers (for the time being, at least), but they're actually quite close to freezing, not that cold at all. From our earthbound perspective, it's difficult- nearly impossible for me at least- to think of anything happening at 100 or 200 below zero.

Which is why this was probably the most stunning space image I've ever seen and ever expect to see:This was one of the first images posted by ESA when the Huygens probe descended to Titan on January 14, 2005. My friend Matt, a doctoral student in physics, with a focus on stuff astronomical, and I had been hovering over the computer breathlessly, waiting for news on the descent. When this came up, I remember my jaw dropping, and blurting at him, "But that's goddamn dendritic drainage."

As if, somehow, that was prohibited.

We knew there was a chance a chance of methane/ethane preciptation, we knew there was a chance of liquids on Titan. But the idea that dendritic drainage might form at 178 below zero Celsius never crossed my mind. The idea of valleys being carved into water is just plain alien.

This was another picture released the day my universe changedI immediately pointed out that these cobbles showed the distinct rounding I associate with river processes; there's even a little scour moat around the center clast. These are made of water ice.

It was a little ironic; I had mentioned to Matt on several occasions that the "geology" of the solar system's outer icy bodies would be difficult to comprehend until we learned to think of ice as a lithic material. Yet here was a classic earthly landform confronting me, challenging my expectation of the unexpected. When I settled on this topic, I reread Chris' call for "Geologeeeeee in Spaaaaaaaace," and noted this quote with amusement: "Geology doesn’t just happen here on Earth, it’s happening everywhere there’s a small amount of silicates being drawn together by gravity." Nah, us geotypes are flexible. We don't need no stinkin' silicates. We like silicates just fine, but if you want to count in terms of numbers, or even in terms of surface area, ice geology is more abundant in our solar system. Three of the four Galilean satellites of Jupiter are icy; most of Saturn's moons are icy; the "plutoids" (I'm still going to call Pluto a planet, dammit) are icy. But the parallels between ice and silicate geology are amazing to me.

In addition to fluvial features, we can get geysers as in the south polar regions of Enceladus:(I do love this picture; where do you suppose the moon is trying to go?)

We can get rifting, as on Europa:

We can get folded terrain, as on Miranda:
(Check out the full-size picture here) In fairness, Miranda appears to be a half-and-half body: half silicate, half ice.

So it's clear that geology is not just about silicates, though it's perfectly understandable and reasonable that us earthly geologists are predisposed to think in those terms. Does cryogeology have the equvalent of Bowen's reaction series? Are there chemical reactions that occur within ice as a lithic material? We always throw around the phrase "life as we know it," to quietly skirt the possibility of "life as we don't (yet) know it." Possible? Impossible? Who knows. But in a universe where an earthly scene like this
shows up on Titan, at nearly 200 below zero C, far be it from me to suppose what can't happen.

Campaign Paraphernalia

Above two from here, lifted in turn from votejohnmcclane.com.

From Spook and Muffin's Relaxed Politics

Can A Waterfall get its Tubes Tied?

Hunh. First it was storks, then it was birds and bees. Now it's waterfalls. Darn High School health teachers; all these years I thought it was sex.

"I never thought that I would get pregnant and give birth to a child, but it happened on this movie," she [Nicole Kidman] said in the interview. "There is something up there in the Kununurra water because we all went swimming in the waterfalls, so we can call it the fertility waters now."

Hate to break it to her, but there is something in the water. It won't be a child. It'll be a werekoala. Every full moon, this poor soul will head to the 7-11 for Halls Mentholyptus drops. Slowly.

Does She Weigh Less than a Duck?

I don't generally post things I haven't actually looked at. I have read this article, but I have no intention of watching the video- there's only so much nonsense I can tolerate. But the video embedded in the linked article purportedly shows Sarah Palin's Pastor praying that she be protected from "every form of witchcraft."

As Badtux the Snarky Penguin would say, "Alrighty, then."

Lotsa

Long, long ago, in a faraway state, there was a magazine named (if I remember correctly) "Saturday Review." One issue had an article about what one billion hamburgers really amounted to; McDonalds in those days listed how many "billion served," rather than just wimping out with "billions and billions served." The author's concluding point was that numbers much over a million simply don't register with most people and for quantities larger than a million, we should just call it "lotsa." As in the Earth is lotsa years old, there's lotsa people on the planet... and now, the financial bailout is going to take lotsa dollars.

I don't remember all the examples the writer used for illustrating the magnitude of a billion hamburgers (c'mon, that was 35 years ago), but I do remember being fascinated and amused by considering what a billion really meant in physical terms I could picture if not really relate to. Now picture 700 billion (and that's just the first guesstimate; I don't doubt it will inflate from there).

What could you buy for $700 billion? Well, for starters, Denmark. Twice.

New York Rocks

Interesting piece in the NYT Monday (I just got around to reading it) on the bedrock exposed as they're clearing the ground at the World Trade Center site. There are a number of ice age features including a pothole and scoured, polished rock from glacial runoff. The bedrock itself, from what I know and can infer from the article, is similar to the exposures in Central Park: high-grade metamorphics of early Paleozoic age. There are two pictures, and you can easily picture the water cascading over this surface. The first appears to show a horseshoe-shaped cut where the meltwater eroded back into a cliff face. In the second, closer image, you can also see what appears to be a basaltic/diabasic dike running across the face. The writer points out that the excavated surface is 70 feet below sea level, and the pothole another 40 feet deeper. He doesn't mention that sea level during peak glaciation was about 100 meters (~330 feet) lower than at present because so much water was stored on land as ice.

Faulty Construction

Lolscience (front page) has a great series of pictures of buildings on or adjacent to major faults; here's one example.

The slope to the left, with the light posts at the base, is a fault scarp. For more details and several other similar pictures, follow the link.

When I was younger, I was quite indignant about "stupid" land use. For example, Route 20 crosses over the Cascades east of Corvallis. Much of the Western Cascades (the older, extinct portion) is composed of poorly consolidated ash and debris flow deposits; that volcanoclastic material goes rapidly to clay in our mild and moist climate. And the road falls apart on a regular basis. The amount of money spent to maintain that road is astronomical. As I said, I was at one point quite sanctimonius about how "stupid" that road is.

It eventually dawned on me that the economic importance of that road- allowing commerce across the Cascades without driving up to the Columbia Gorge, a major Ski area and other tourism facilities, more than justified the cost of maintaining the road. Since then, I've tried to be more aware of the total cost/benefit equation, rather than just dismissing "stupid" construction.

But it's very difficult for me to accept that most people are simply unaware of the risks that go with particular chunks of real estate. As indignant as I was over Bush's comment that "no one could have forseen" the New Orleans disaster, I suspect that only a small percent of people in the country were aware how risky that area really is. For the record, in my first college geology class, fall 1980, we spent 15 or 20 minutes talking about the disaster waiting to happen there. So someone (actually, many ones) did forsee the problem.

I do think that along with biology, chemistry and physics that are considered the core high school sciences, geology should be an important addition. How many of the people working at this McDonalds do you suppose know there's a fault right there? How many have any idea how to recognize a scarp? I would bet the answer to both questions is "none." And that's just not right.